All defination in pathology and classification based on occurrence and diseases of Rice 🌾🍚 and Scientists.

 🎯📌🌳☘️Important definition in pathology:

☘️ pathology or phytopathology:

It is the branch of agriculture or biological science which deals with cause etiology, losses and management of plant diseases.

☘️Diseases :

Diseases is the result of interaction between host and pathogen which cause disturbance in normal functioning, physiological, growth and reproduction of the host.

🌳Host:

And organism or plant which is infected by a parasite and obtain its nutrients.

🌳Pathogen:

 In broad sense any agent or factor that induce disease in an organism .

🌳Pathogenicity: 

It is the ability of pathogen to cause disease.

🌳Pathogenesis: 

Pathogenesis is the chain of events that lead to development of disease.

🌳Penetration:

The initial innovation of a host by pathogen

🌳Virulence: 

The degree of infectivity of a given pathogen.

🌳Infection:

Establishment of a pathogen after penetration has host parasitic relationship.

🌳Inoculums:

Part of a pathogen which on contact can cause infection in the host is called as in a coulombs examples conedia ,spores, sclerosia etc survive as inoculums.

🌳Incubation period: 

The period of a time between penetration of a pathogen to the host and the first appearance of a symptoms on the plant is known as incubation period.

🌳Invesion: 

Penetration and spread of a pathogen in the host.

🌳Syndrome :

A set of symtoms which characterised a disease.

🌳Disease potential :

This is potential define as stability of a hose to contact disease.

🌳Parasite :

An organism living in or on another living host and obtaining its food from leter.

🌳Obligate parasite: 

An organism or a parasite that can grow and multiply only in living host example viruses ,viroid, rust ,downy mildway ,causing fungia, ricketteia,mollicutes etc.

This is potential is defined as the ability of a host to contract disease.

🌳Facultative  parasite :

An organism that is usually saprophyte under certain condition may become parasite.

🌳Saprophyte: 

An organism that grow only dead organic matter. E.g. phythium,fusarium, fungi.

🌳Facultative saprophyte: 

An organism that is usually parasite but may be also live as a saprophyte.

🌳Viron :

A complete ferrous particle is known as viron.

🌳Bacteriophage :

Virus which infect specific bacteria and kill them is known as bacteriophage.

🌳Viroid :

A nek nuclear acid which response resemble virus but is divide of protein coate.

🌳Bacteriostatic:

A chemical or physical agent that prevent multiplication of bacteria without killing them.

🌳Fungistatic :

A compound which prevent fungal growth without killing the fungus.

🌳Roguing :

Removing of unwanted or infected plants from field crop.

🌳Quarntine: 

Control of expert and import of plant to prevent spread of disease and pest.

☘️🌳Classification of plant diseases based on occurrence :

🎯Endemic disease ☘️

🎯Epidemic disease☘️

🎯 Sporodic disease☘️

 🎯Pendemic disease☘️

1) endemic disease☘️

A disease which regularly occurs in moderate to severe form on the particular area of earth or country classified as endemic to that area. 

The word "endemic"means prevalent in, and conformed to particular country ,district or location example early blight of potato.

2) Epidemic disease:☘️ 

A wide spread and severe out break of a disease but periodically.

It assumes sever form only on occasion.

Example red rot of sugarcane, late blight of potato, wheat rest.

3) Sporadic disease:☘️

Occurs at very irregular interval in time and location.

example green ear disease of Bajra.

4) pandemic disease: ☘️

Epidemic or (widespread and sever outbreak) over avoid geographical area and affecting large proportion of a population.

When a disease prevalent throughout and entire country convenient or the whole world is known as pandemic disease.

⚡️ FATHERS OF DIFFERENT

 DISCIPLINES IN PATHOLOGY 👍

☘Agronomy : Pietro Decrescenzi

☘Agricultural chemistry : Justus von Liebig

☘Antibiotics : Alexander Flemming

☘ATP cycle : Lipmann

☘ Biology : Aristotle

☘Botany : Theophrastus

☘Bacteriology : Leuwenhoek

☘Cytology : Robert Hooke

☘Cytoplasmic Inheritance : Carl Correns

☘ Cooperative movement in India : F. Nicholson

☘ DNA finger printing technique : Alec Jeffrey

☘ Economic Ecology : Dr. M.S Swaminathan

☘Experimental Genetics : Thomas Hunt Morgan

☘Forest pathology : Robert Haring

☘Fermentation : Louis Pasteur

☘Field plot experimentation : Jean Baptiste Boussingault

☘Fruits and vegetables preservation : M. Nicolas Apart

☘Genetics : Gregor Johann Mendel

☘Genetic engineering : Paul Berg 

☘Green Revolution : Dr. N.E Borlaug

☘Golden revolution in India : Dr. K.L Chadha

☘ Golden rice : Dr. Ingo Potrykus

☘ Hybrid Rice : Yuan Long Ping

☘ Hybrid cotton : C.T Patel

☘ Indian phytopathology : E.J Butler

☘Indian Rust : Dr. K.C Mehta

☘ Indian Mycology : E.J Butler

☘ Indian Ecology : R. Mishra

☘ Indian plant breeding : Dr. B.P Pal

☘ Immunology : Edward Jenner

☘ Indian Green Revolution : Dr. M.S Swaminathan

☘ Microbiology : Louis pasture

☘Mycology : Pler A. Micheli

☘Medicinal Bacteriology : Robert Koch

☘ Modern Genetics : batson

☘ Mutation Theory : Hugo de Vries

☘Modern Cytology : Swanson

☘Nitrogen Fixation : Winogradsky

☘Ornamental Gardening : M.S Randhawa

☘Plant Pathology : Anton De Bary

☘Plant Physiology : Stephen Hales

☘Pedology : VV Dokuchaev

☘Parasitology : F. Platter

☘ Plant Tissue culture : G. Haberlandt

☘Plant Anatomy : Grew

☘Polygenic Inheritance : Kolreuter

☘Pure culture technique : Oscar Brefeld

☘Sociology : Auguste compte

☘Statistics : R.A Fisher

☘Soil Microbiology : S. N Winogradsky

☘Soil testing Technique : M.L Troug

☘ Super Rice : Dr. G.S Khush

☘ Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus

☘Tillage : Jethro Tull

☘Weeds : Jethro Tull

☘White Revolution : Dr. Varghese Kurien

🌾🌾Diseases of Rice 🍚🌾 🌾::

1. Blast of rice 🌾

2. Brown spot of rice 🌾

3. False smut of rice 🌾

4. Bacterial blight of rice 🌾

5. Sheat blight of rice 🌾

6. Leaf scaled of rice 🌾

7. Udabtta disease of rice 🌾

8. Tungro disease is of rice 🌾

Disease cycle of blast of rice

Blast of rice 🌾🌾:

this is was first recorded in China in 1637 in India it was first reported from Tanjore district of Tamilnadu in 1918.

Causal organism :. 

Pyricularia grisea (Cooke).

Economic importance : 

32to61% losses losses vary with stage of crop at infection.

🎆🍚Symptoms :  

The typical symptoms occur at all stage of leaf growth, sheath,nodes ,raches and glumes .  

a) leaf blast : 

Apparents of lesions as small bluish green flacks of about 1 to3 mm in diameter.

From lesion development of characteristic spindle chef spot with grey centre and dark brown margin.

This is progression with cloalescing of spots.

Drawing and withering of appeared area.

Burning appearance to field after sheath infection.

 b.  Nodal blast: usually observe after hiding

C. Neck spot: 

Penducal infection during flower emergence leading to neck rot or peniclen blast.

No green filling in early infection.

Partial sterility aur partial green filling in late infection.

Glume blast : scene as small brown to black spot on glumes.

🍚Management of rice 🌾 : 

1.Phyto sanitation by burning plant debris.

2.Growing resistant varieties like Ratnagiri karjat. 

3.Early transplanting in a season.

4.Application of nitrogen in split instead of single dose.

5..Transgenic Indica rice cultivars IR 50 and co39 are resistant.

6. Seed treatment with 3% brine solution.

7. Seed treatment with thirum @3 gram per kg seed.