Self and cross pollination in crop in details☘️🌵

        Created by swati Gawande

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Definition of pollination: 

The process by which pollen grains are transferred from anther to stigma is called as pollination

Pollination are mainly two types:

1. Self pollination/ Autogamy :

2. Cross pollination/ Allogamy:

1.  Self pollination/ Autogamy: 

Development of seed by the cell pollination is known as autogamy self pollination.

 Increase homozygocity and decrease heterogecity ,in such a pollination Poland from an anther falls on a stigma of same flower is known as self pollination.

Self pollination is the closest form of inbreeding. such a spaces developed homozygous balance and do not exbit significant in breeding depression.

Mechanism promoting self pollination:

1. Bisexuality:

2.Homogamy:

3.cleistogamy:

4.chasmogamy:

5.position of anther:

🎯 Bisexuality :

The presence of male and female organ in the same flower. the presence of bisesexual flower is the must of self pollination.

🎯Homogamy: 

Maturation of anther and stigma of a flower at the same time. as a rule, Homogamy is essential for self pollination.

🎯Cleistogamy:

When pollination and fertilization occurs in unopened of flower Bud. It is known as cleistogamy. 

It ensures sirf pollination and prevent cross pollination example some varieties of wheat oat, Barley and in some grasses.

🎯 Chasmogamy: 

Opening of flowers only after the completion of pollination, Is known as chasmogamy. This also promotes self pollination and found in crops like wheat ,barly, rice and oat.

🎯 Position of Anthers :

In some species stigma is closely surrounded by Anthony and pollination generally occurs when the flower open example tomato, brinjal.

B. Cross pollination or allogamy:

Development of seed by cross pollination is called as alogamy. Here pollen from flower of one plant are transmitted to the stigma of flower of another plant by wind (anemophili water (hydrophilic) insect (entomophilly).

Cross pollination is the one of common form of outer breeding which leads to heterothego city such a species develop heterocyclose balance and exhaust significant in breeding depression on selfing.

There are various mechanism which promote allogamy are discussed below:

Mechanism promoting cross pollination:

1.Dicliny : a) monoecy b)dioecy.

2.Dichohamy : a)protogany b) protoandry

3. Heterostyly

4.herkogamy

5.self incompatibility

6. Male sterility

🎯 Dicliny or unisexuality : 

dry cleaning is the name of condition where flower are either staminate either pistillate viz . 1. Monoecy 2. Dioecy

Monoecy: stiminate and pistillate flower are found in a same plant either in same insurance or in separate influences.

📌 Example of same inflorescence: mango,banana, coconut,castor.

📌 Example of different inferences: maize

🎯 Dichogomy: 

It is refer to maturation of anther and stigma of same flower at different time dicogamy promote cross pollination even in hermaphrodite speciess.

A. Protogyny : when pistil mature before stamen , called protogyny e.g. Bajra

B. Protoandry: when stamen methods before pistile , called protogyny e. g. Maize, onion, sugarbeet.

🎯 Heterostyly : 

Styles and filaments in a flower are of different length is known as heterostylate. Such as  linseed. 

🎯 Herkogamy : 

Hindrance to self pollination due to the some physical barriers such  around as anther is called herkogamy. 

🎯 Self incompatibility: 

The inability of fertile pollens to fertilize the same flower is known as self incompatibility here male gamete is fully functional. E g. Brassica, Nicotina , radish etc.

🎯 Male sterility : 

In some species the pollen grains are non functional here female gamete is fully functional it prevent cell pollution and promote cross pollination. 

📌 In some plant stigma is covered with a waxy film which is broken by the visit of honey bees facility cross pollination example Lucern or alfalfa.

📌 More than one mechanism may occurs in some spaces example maize has both monoecy and protoandry. 

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HORTICULTURE ONE

 LINERS

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•  Botanical name of

 tomato: 

Lycopersicon esculentum/ solanum lycopersicum

•  Family of tomato: solanaceae

•  Chromosome number of tomato: 2n=24

•  Inflorescence of tomato: racemose cyme

•  Fruit type of tomato: berry

•  Tomato is a climacteric fruit and C3 plant.

•  Tomato is considered as a protected food in the world.

•  Tomato is Known as poor man’s orange in India, love of apple, wolf apple, vilayati baigan. 

•  Tomato flower cluster is known as truss.

•  Tomato has different type of pigments-1. Lycopene in red coloured tomato, 2. Carotenoids in yellow coloured tomato, 3. Prolycopene is present in tangerine coloured tomato.

•  Citric acid present in tomato.

•  Stalking is a important practice of indeterminate type of tomato.

•  Tomato is a self pollinated crop due to hermaphrodite flowers.

•  Tomato is a day neutral warm season crop, which cannot tolerate frost.  

•  Optimum temperature for tomato is 21-28oC during day and 15-20oC during night.  

•  For tomato Night temperature is more critical than day temperature.  

•  Optimum temperature for colour development of fruit is 21-24oC.  

•  Development of colouring pigment, lycopene will be hampered above 27oC.  

•  Seed germination and pollen germination are adversely effected below 10oC.

•  For tomato cultivation Soil pH range 5.5-7.0

•  Seed rate of tomato= 400-500 g / ha, for hybrid: 100-150g/ha.

•  Tomato seed sowing depth 4-5 cm.

•  Tomato storage temperature of 13 C with 90-95% relative humidity is recommended for slow ripening.

•  Origin of chilli: maxico

•  Botanical name of chilli: capsicum annum

•  Family of chilli solanaceae

•  Chromosome number of chilli: 2n=24

•  Fruit type of chilli: berry

•  Pollination type in chilli: self pollinated

•  Red colour in chilli is due to capcyanthin

•  Pungency in chilli is due to capsaicin/capsicutin.

•  Flower opening in chilli at 5 am.

•  Green to dry chilli ratio 10:1

•  Capsicum annum and capsicum fruitescence have white flower.

•  Capsicum pubescence has purple flowers.

•  Sun drying for 3-10 days to get moisture 80 to 10%.

•  Origin of brinjal: India

•  Botanical name of brinjal: solanum melongena

•  Family of brinjal: solanaceae

•  Chromosome number of brinjal: 2n=24

•  Inflorescence of brinjal: cyme

•  Edible part of brinjal: fruit

•  Pollination of brinjal: self pollination

•  brinjal known as Egg plant and aubergine.

•  White brinjal is beneficial for diabeties patient.

•  In brinjal purple pigmentation which is due to anthocyanin

•  In brinjal Opening of flower and dehiscence of anthers at 6-7.30 am during summer and is delayed up to 11 am during winter.

•  Brinjal is warm season day neutral plant and is susceptible to severe frost.

•  Temperature range of 21-27˚C is ideal for its production.

•  The growth of the crop is severely affected when temperature falls below 17˚C

•  Brinjal is a hardy crop and is cultivated under a wide range of soils.

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